地上ステーション・航空機・船舶を利用した温室効果ガス等のモニタリング、観測に要する研究基盤の維持管理、および海洋生態系への気候変動影響のモニタリングの推進ならびに関連する研究を行っています。
大気・海洋モニタリング推進室
研究スタッフ
研究プロジェクト
研究成果
発表論文
Seasonal Variations and Drivers of Surface Ocean pCO2 in the Seasonal Ice Zone of the Eastern Indian Sector, Southern Ocean
Tozawa, M., Nomura, D., Nakaoka, S., Kiuchi, M., Yamazaki, K., Hirano, D., Aoki, S., Sasaki, H., & Murase, H.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126, e2021JC017953 (2021)
Measurement report: Regional characteristics of seasonal and long-term variations in greenhouse gases at Nainital, India, and Comilla, Bangladesh
Nomura, S., Naja, M., M. Ahmed, K., Mukai, H., Terao, Y., Machida, T., Sasakawa, M., & Patra, P. K.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16427-16452 (2021)
Continuous monitoring and future projection of ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation on the subarctic coast of Hokkaido, Japan
Fujii, M., Takao, S., Yamaka, T., Akamatsu, T., Fujita, Y., Wakita, M., Yamamoto, A., & Ono, T.
Frontiers in Marine Science (2021)
北海道のバックグラウンド地域における粒子状物質の長期変動
大塚英幸, 秋山雅行, 向井人史, 橋本茂, 笹川基樹
大気環境学会誌, 第56巻第4号, 69-81 (2021)
Estimation of fire-induced carbon emissions from Equatorial Asia in 2015 using in situ aircraft and ship observations
Niwa, Y., Sawa, Y., Nara, H., Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Umezawa, T., Ito, A., Nakaoka, S., Tanimoto, H., & Tohjima, Y.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9455–9473 (2021)
New approach to evaluate satellite-derived XCO2 over oceans by integrating ship and aircraft observations
Müller, A., Tanimoto, H., Sugita, T., Machida, T., Nakaoka, S., Patra, P. K., Laughner, J., & Crisp, D.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8255–8271 (2021)
Contribution of Biological Effects to Carbonate-System Variations and the Air-Water CO2 Flux in Urbanized Bays in Japan
Tokoro, T., Nakaoka, S., Takao, S., Kuwae, T., Kubo, A., Endo, T., & Nojiri, Y.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126, e2020JC016974 (2021)
Reduction in Riverine Freshwater Supply Changes Inorganic and Organic Carbon Dynamics and Air-Water CO2 Fluxes in a Tropical Mangrove Dominated Estuary
Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Watanabe, K., Das, S., Tokoro, T., Hazra, S., & Kuwae, T.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 126, e2020JG006144 (2021)
Global Trends in Air‐Water CO2 Exchange Over Seagrass Meadows Revealed by Atmospheric Eddy Covariance
Van Dam, B., Polsenaere, P., Barreras-Apodaca, A., Lopes, C., Sanchez-Mejia, Z., Tokoro, T., Kuwae, T., Loza, L. G., Rutgersson, A., Fourqurean, J., & Thomas, H.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 35, e2020GB006848 (2021)
Low CO2 evasion rate from the mangrove-surrounding waters of the Sundarbans
Akhand, A., Chanda, A., Watanabe, K., Das, S., Tokoro, T., Chakraborty, K., Hazra, S., & Kuwae, T.
Biogeochemistry, 153:95-114 (2021)
Lateral carbon fluxes and CO2 evasion from a subtropical mangrove-seagrass-coral continuum
Akhand, A., Watanabe, K., Chanda, A., Tokoro, T., Kunal Chakraborty, K., Moki, H., Tanaya, T., Ghosh, J., & Kuwae, T.
Science of the Total Environment, 752, 142190 (2021)
Seasonal variations of SF6, CO2, CH4, and N2O in the UT/LS region due to emissions, transport, and chemistry
Bisht, J. S. H., Machida, T., Chandra, N., Tsuboi, K., Patra, P. K., Umezawa, T., Niwa, Y., Sawa, Y., Morimoto, S., Nakazawa, T., Saitoh, N., & Takigawa, M.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2020JD033541 (2021)
Technical note: A high-resolution inverse modelling technique for estimating surface CO2 fluxes based on the NIES-TM-FLEXPART coupled transport model and its adjoint
Maksyutov, S., Oda, T., Saito, M., Janardanan, R., Belikov, D., Kaiser, J. E., Zhuravlev, R., Ganshin, A., Valsala, V. K., Andrews, A., Chmura, L., Dlugokencky, E., Haszpra, L., Langenfelds, R. L., Machida, T., Nakazawa, T., Ramonet, M., Sweeney, C., & Worthy, D.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1245-1266 (2021)
Global Carbon Budget 2020
Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Le Quéré, C., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Benoit-Cattin, A., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Bultan, S., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Evans, W., Florentie, L., Forster, P. M., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gilfillan, D., Gkritzalis, T., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Harris, I., Hartung, K., Haverd, V., Houghton, R. A., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Joetzjer, E., Kadono, K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Korsbakken, J. I., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Liu, Z., Lombardozzi, D., Marland, G., Metzl, N., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Smith, A. J. P., Sutton, A. J., Tanhua, T., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., van der Werf, G., Vuichard, N., Walker, A. P., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Willis, D., Wiltshire, A. J., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zaehle, S.
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269-3340 (2020)
Siberian and temperate ecosystems shape Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 seasonal amplification
Lin, X., Rogers, B. M., Sweeney, C., Chevallier, F., Arshinov, M., Dlugokencky, E., Machida, T., Sasakawa, M., Tans, P., & Keppel-Aleksa, G.
PNAS (2020)
The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017
Saunois, M., Stavert, A. R., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J. G., Jackson, R. B., Raymond, P. A., Dlugokencky, E. J., Houweling, S., Patra, P. K., Ciais, P., Arora, V. K., Bastviken, D., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Bruhwiler, L., Carlson, K. M., Carrol, M., Castaldi, S., Chandra, N., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P. M., Covey, K., Curry, C. L., Etiope, G., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Hegglin, M. I., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Hugelius, G., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Jensen, K. M., Joos, F., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R, L., Laruelle, G. G., Liu, L., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., McNorton, J., Miller, P. A., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Muller, J., Murguia-Flores, F., Naik, V., Niwa, Y., Noce, S., O’Doherty, S., Parker, R. J., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Regnier, P., Riley, W. J., Rosentreter, J. A., Segers, A., Simpson, I. J., Shi, H., Smith, S. J., Paul Steele, L., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Tubiello, F. N., Tsuruta, A., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., Weber, T. S., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R. F., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Yin, Y., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Zheng, B., Zhu, Q., Zhu, Q., & Zhuang, Q.
Earth System Science Data 12, 1561-1623 (2020)
Strong biological carbon uptake and carbonate chemistry associated with dense shelf water outflows in the Cape Darnley polynya, East Antarctica
Murakami, K., Nomura, D., Hashida, G., Nakaoka, S., Kitade, Y., Hirano, D., Hirawake, T. & Ohshima, K. I.
Marine Chemistry 225, 103842 (2020)
Statistical characterization of urban CO2 emission signals observed by commercial airliner measurements
Umezawa, T., Matsueda, H., Oda, T., Higuchi, K., Sawa, Y., Machida, T., Niwa, Y. & Maksyutov, S.
Scientific Reports 10:7963 (2020)
Effects of phytoplankton community composition and productivity on sea surface pCO2 variations in the Southern Ocean
Takao, S., Nakaoka, S., Hashihama, F., Shimada, K., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Hirawake, T., Kanda, J., Hashida, G. & Suzuki, K.
Deep-Sea Research Part I (2020)
Country-Scale Analysis of Methane Emissions with a High-Resolution Inverse Model Using GOSAT and Surface Observations
Janardanan, R., Maksyutov, S., Tsuruta, A., Wang, F., Tiwari, Y. K., Valsala, V., Ito, A., Yoshida, Y., Kaiser, J. W., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Arshinov, M., Sasakawa, M., Tohjima, Y., Worthy, D. E. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Ramonet, M., Arduini, J., Lavric, J. V., Piacentino, S., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Mammarella, I. & Matsunaga, T.
Remote Sensing 12(3), 375 (2020)
Analysis of the Diurnal, Weekly, and Seasonal Cycles and Annual Trends in Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 at Tower Network in Siberia from 2005 to 2016
Belikov, D., Arshinov, M., Belan, B., Davydov, D., Fofonov, A., Sasakawa, M. & Machida, T.
Atmosphere 10(11), 689 (2019)
Methane Emission Estimates by the Global High-Resolution Inverse Model Using National Inventories
Wang, F., Maksyutov, S., Tsuruta, A., Janardanan, R., Ito, A., Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Morino, I., Yoshida, Y., Kaiser, J. W., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Dlugokencky, E., Mammarella, I., Lavric, J. V. & Matsunaga, T.
Remote Sensing 11(21), 2489 (2019)
Global carbon budgets estimated from atmospheric O2/N2 and CO2 observations in the western Pacific region over a 15-year period
Tohjima, Y., Mukai, H., Machida, T., Hoshina, Y. & Nakaoka, S.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, 9269-9285 (2019)
A global synthesis inversion analysis of recent variability in CO2 fluxes using GOSAT and in situ observations
Wang, J. S., Kawa, S. R., Collatz, G. J., Sasakawa, M., Gatti, L. V., Machida, T., Liu, Y. P. & Manyin, M. E.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, 11097-11124 (2018)
Three-dimensional methane distribution simulated with FLEXPART 8-CTM-1.1 constrained with observation data
Zwaaftink, C. D. G., Henne, S., Thompson, R. L., Dlugokencky, E. J., Machida, T., Paris, J.-D., Sasakawa, M., Segers, A., Sweeney, C. & Stohl, A.
Geosci. Model Dev. 11, 4469-4487 (2018)
In situ observation of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide in the North Pacific using a cargo ship
Hoshina, Y., Tohjima, Y., Katsumata, K., Machida, T. & Nakaoka, S.
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 9283-9295 (2018)
Methane fluxes in the high northern latitudes for 2005-2013 estimated using a Bayesian atmospheric inversion
Thompson, R. L., Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Aalto, T., Worthy, D., Lavric, J. V., Myhre, C. L. & Stohl, A.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, 3553-3572 (2017)
A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) - Part 1: Offline forward and adjoint transport models
Niwa, Y., Tomita, H., Satoh, M., Imasu, R., Sawa, Y., Tsuboi, K., Matsueda, H., Machida, T., Sasakawa, M., Belan, B. & Saigusa, N.
Geoscientific Model Development 10, 1157-1174 (2017)
Emission factors of CO2, CO and CH4 from Sumatran peatland fires in 2013 based on shipboard measurements
Nara, H., Tanimoto, H., Tohjima, Y., Mukai, H., Nojiri, Y. & Machida, T.
Tellus B 69, 1399047 (2017)
Temporal Characteristics of CH4 Vertical Profiles Observed in the West Siberian Lowland Over Surgut From 1993 to 2015 and Novosibirsk From 1997 to 2015
Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Ishijima, K., Arshinov, M., Patra, P. K., Ito, A., Aoki, S. & Petrov, V.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, 11,261-11,273 (2017)
Reconciliation of top-down and bottom-up CO2 fluxes in Siberia larch forest
Takata, K., Patra, P. K., Kotani, A., Mori, J., Belikov, D., Ichii, K., Saeki, T., Ohta, T., Saito, K., Ueyama, M., Ito, A., Maksyutov, S., Miyazaki, S., Burke, E. J., Ganshin, A., Iijima, Y., Ise, T., Machiya, H., Maximov, T. C., Niwa, Y., O’ishi, R., Park, H., Sasai, T., Sato, H., Tei, S., Zhuravlev, R., Machida, T., Sugimoto, A. & Aoki, S.
Environ. Res. Lett. (2017)
Variability and quasi-decadal changes in the methane budget over the period 2000-2012
Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H.-S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O’Doherty, S., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., Weiss, R., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z. & Zhu, Q.
Atmos. Chem.Phys. 17, 11135-11161 (2017)
Six years of atmospheric CO2 observations at Mt. Fuji recorded with a battery-powered measurement system
Nomura, S., Mukai, H., Terao, Y., Machida, T. & Nojiri, Y.
Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10, 667-680 (2017)
Impact of Siberian observations on the optimization of surface CO2 flux
Kim, J., Kim, H. M., Cho, C.-H., Boo, K. O., Jacobson, A. R., Sasakawa, M., Machida, T., Arshinov, M. & Fedoseev, N.
Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 2881-2899 (2017)
Adjoint of the global Eulerian-Lagrangian coupled atmospheric transport model (A-GELCA v1.0): development and validation
Belikov, D. A., Maksyutov, S., Yaremchuk, A., Ganshin, A., Kaminski, T., Blessing, S., Sasakawa, M., Gomez-Pelaez, A. J. & Starchenko, A.
Geoscientific Model Development 9, 749-764 (2016)
The global methane budget 2000-2012
Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Brovkin, V., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Curry, C., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H.-S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., Marshall, J., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O’Doherty, S., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, P., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R., Wiedinmyer, C., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z. & Zhu, Q.
Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 697-751 (2016)
Winter crop CO2 uptake inferred from CONTRAIL measurements over Delhi, India
Umezawa, T., Niwa, Y., Sawa, Y., Machida, T. & Matsueda, H.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 43 (2016)
Global Carbon Budget 2016
Quere, C. L., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., Manning, A. C., Boden, T. A., Tans, P. P., Houghton, R. A., Keeling, R. F., Alin, S., Andrews, O. D., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Currie, K., Delire, C., Doney, S. C., Friedlingstein, P., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Haverd, V., Hoppema, M., Goldewijk, K. K., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kortzinger, A., Landschutzer, P., Lefevre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Melton, J. R., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., O’Brien, K., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rodenbeck, C., Salisbury, J., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Seferian, R., Skjelvan, I., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Walker, A. P., Wiltshire, A. J. & Zaehle, S.
Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 1-45 (2016)
A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O’Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibanhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Kortzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschutzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Monaco, C. L., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J. & Xu, S.
Earth Syst. Sci. Data 8, 383-413 (2016)
Bias corrections of GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 with TCCON data and their evaluation using aircraft measurement data
Inoue, M., Morino, I., Uchino, O., Nakatsuru, T., Yoshida, Y., Yokota, T., Wunch, D., Wennberg, P. O., Roehl, C. M., Griffith, D. W. T., Velazco, V. A., Deutscher, N. M., Warneke, T., Notholt, J., Robinson, J., Sherlock, V., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Rettinger, M., Sussmann, R., Kyro, E., Kivi, R., Shiomi, K., Kawakami, S., De Maziere, M., Arnold, S. G., Dietrich, G. Feist, D. G., Barrow, E. A, Barney, J., Dubey, M., Schneider, M., Iraci, L. T., Podolske, J. R., Hillyard, P. W., Machida, T., Sawa, Y., Tsuboi, K., Matsueda, H., Sweeney, C., Tans, P. P., Andrews, A. E., Biraud, S. C., Fukuyama, Y., Pittman, J. V., Kort, E. A. & Tanaka, T.
Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9, 3491-3512 (2016)
Long-term variability of surface nutrient concentrations in the North Pacific
Yasunaka, S., Ono, T., Nojiri, Y., Whitney, F. A., Wada, C., A. Murata, A., Nakaoka, S. & Hosoda, S.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3389-3397 (2016)
Top-down assessment of the Asian carbon budget since the mid 1990s
Thompson, R. L., Patra, P. K., Chevallier, F., Maksyutov, S., Law, R. M., Ziehn, T., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., Peters, W., Ganshin, A., Zhuravlev, R., Maki, T., Nakamura, T., Shirai, T., Ishizawa, M., Saeki, T., Machida, T., Poulter, B., Canadell, J. G. & Ciais, P.
Nature Communications 7, 10724 (2016)
Regional methane emission estimation based on observed atmospheric concentrations (2002-2012)
Patra, P. K., Saeki, T., Dlugokencky, E. J., Ishijima, K., Umezawa, T., Ito, A., Aoki, S., Morimoto, S., Kort, E. A., Crotwell, A., Ravi Kumar, K. & Nakazawa, T.
J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 94(1), 91-113 (2016)